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Cystoscopy is a rigid endoscopic evaluation of a female dog’s vagina, urethra, and bladder, and the male dog’s urethra and bladder.  Cystoscopy is specific and sensitive for the diagnosis of urinary tract problems and it provides additional information not obtained through radiographs, contrast studies, or ultrasound. Indications for cystoscopy are blood in the urine (hematuria), bladder/ urethral cancer, incontinence (leaking urine), recurrent urinary tract infections, small bladder stone removal, and vaginal discharge. Cystoscopy can be completed on all sizes of female dogs, and medium to large male dogs.