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Infiltrative Bowel Disease in Cats

The small intestinal tract is a remarkable organ. It has to neutralize acid from the stomach, apply digestive enzymes and emollients, absorb and conduct away the microscopic nutrients, and move its contents from one end of our body to the other. There is also the matter of housing a variety of bacteria without allowing them to access the interior of our body, immunological reactivity, hormonal activity and response, and more. Its layers act as both a barrier and gateway, plus it must have muscle strength for tone and motion. Proper function depends in part on the normal thickness of all the delicate layers.

DISEASES OF INFILTRATION

Disease can lead to an influx of inappropriate cells into the layers of the intestine. This infiltration of the bowel by abnormal cells creates thickening and puffiness, which hampers function. The thick intestine does not contract properly, which leads to food pooling and sludging. Pooling and sludging lead to the sensation of nausea and malaise. The thick intestine also cannot absorb nutrients properly, which leads to weight loss and diarrhea. Frequently there is ulceration and bleeding as the membranes become unhealthy.

DYSBIOSIS

Bacterial populations become altered when the nutrients available to them change in composition. In other words, what sort of bacteria live in the bowel depends on what nutrients are in abundance around them. Different nutrients promote different bacterial populations for better or worse. Abnormal nutrient absorption can lead to an overgrowth of bacteria or at least an alteration in the proportions of different populations of bacteria, creating a bad neighborhood in the bowel. Toxic bacterial products can be produced. Bacteria can overpower natural barriers, allowing them to crawl up the pancreatic duct or bile duct where they create inflammation in organs that are normally sterile (pancreas and liver).

FIXING IT DEPENDS ON KNOWING THE NATURE OF THE INFILTRATION

There are two common diseases that involve infiltration, intestinal lymphoma and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Both diseases involve lymphocytes infiltrating the delicate bowel. In lymphoma, these are malignant cancerous lymphocytes. In IBD, they are active lymphocytes reacting inappropriately to an immunological trigger (such as a food or bacterial waste product). A biopsy is necessary to distinguish these two diseases and distinguishing between the two conditions, allowing for the most effective treatment.

Treating Lymphoma
There are two forms of lymphoma, one associated with a rapid and sustained response to therapy with remissions of one year or longer being common, and the other type being nearly untreatable. A biopsy will determine which type a cat has. Confirmation of lymphoma also allows for a more tailored protocol so as to maximize the quality of remission.

Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease
IBD is an immune-mediated disease and treatment centers on suppressing the inappropriate immunological response so that the bowel can recover. Special diets may be employed to minimize inappropriate reactions to food in long-term management. It is theoretically possible, eventually, to recover from this disease completely, though most patients need long-term medications to control the inflammation.

The possibly good news here is that because both conditions involve lymphocyte infiltration, there is a great deal of overlap in therapy, so it is possible to make up a treatment plan that will cover both possibilities with a reasonable chance of success. This is not optimal but provides a route to less expensive therapy.

DIAGNOSTICS START WITH ULTRASOUND

The normal diagnostic sequence involves basic examination, lab work to rule out metabolic issues, and abdominal ultrasound followed by either endoscopy to obtain intestinal biopsies or exploratory surgery to obtain biopsies. A great deal of information can be obtained by ultrasound. Ultrasound allows for the evaluation of tissue not accessible during endoscopy or even surgery. Further, it may even be possible to get the diagnosis without the expense and stress of intestinal biopsy if tissue can be obtained by ultrasound guidance.

That said, there are some caveats to the use of ultrasound as the final diagnostic. For example, there is a great deal of overlap in bowel thickness between what normal patients have, what IBD patients have, and what lymphoma patients have. Normal patients will not have abnormal layering but sick patients can have completely normal layering. More severe disruptions in layering are more typical of lymphoma, especially when they occur in separate segments, but less severe wall thickness change is not very specific.

Some diagnostic considerations with abdominal ultrasound are as follows:

  • Severe bowel layer distortion implies (but does not confirm) malignancy
  • Milder bowel layer changes could be from either IBD or lymphoma
  • If any lymph nodes are enlarged, they may be aspirated with guidance from the ultrasound. If lymphoma is found, the diagnosis is made. If the node is immunologically reactive only, this does not rule out lymphoma but implies benign disease
  • If no lymph nodes are enlarged, the liver may be aspirated. If lymphoma is found, the diagnosis is made. If lymphoma is not found in the liver, it is not ruled out in the intestines
  • Growths or masses may be discovered that are best managed with surgical removal
  • Diseases in other organs may be discovered

If ultrasound findings are not specific and the diagnosis remains ambiguous, in a perfect world referral for endoscopy follows, biopsy samples are taken, and a tailored therapy can initiate, or at least informed decisions can be made. Not every patient is stable for anesthesia, however, and not every owner is financially able to pursue a specialized procedure.

Because there is a great deal of overlap between the treatment for IBD and the treatment for lymphoma, a therapy plan can be designed that covers both possibilities reasonably well. Typically this involves corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications, a special diet, probiotics, and nutritional supplements. Response to medication is generally rapid (within a week or two) for IBD, and a common lymphoma statistic is that 75% will achieve remission within three weeks regardless of protocol. Longer remissions can be obtained with more tailored protocols.